Toni Morrison s The - 1306 Words

Toni Morrison, â€Å"Recitatif† In what way does Toni Morrison tease out society’s tendency to place racial categories on individuals? In what way does Morrison’s text strip itself of racial categories? Toni Morrison teases out the society’s tendency to place racial categories on individual for the praise the American being praised because of the so called equality them posses. He teases people by stating that everyone is a racist at some point. He describes a world free of racists can only happen in dreams and not in reality, The fact that people believe American believe that the people consider the African American culture part of the white American culture so as to end the racist is a total lie since the truth of the matter is that the†¦show more content†¦Why does â€Å"Recitatif† continually return to references of the orchard and to Maggie? What is significant in these continual references? What are we to make of the confusion Twyla experiences in her memories of these t hings? In recitative continually return to references of the orchard to show how Maggie an outsider was treated and does not experience solidarity with anyone. When she falls down in the orchard, Maggie is the recipient of others scorn and abuse. â€Å"She experiences the same from Twyla and Roberta, something that Twyla clearly remembers: I think we were wrong. I think she could hear and didn t let on. And it shames me even now to think there was somebody in there after all who heard us call her those names and couldn t tell on us.† It clearly shows that Maggie did not have any ones solidarity as opposed to Twyla and Roberta who could provide each other solidarity. The suffering of Maggie assisted in establishing how the social settings were and still is constructed. It is clear that the racists are not a near end story and the agitators are slowly losing hope in it. If the story can be divided into 5 sections (5 encounters between Twyla and Roberta), what are these and what do they mean? There was racial prejudice among the parents as Roberta mother refuses to shake marries extended hand as she belongs to a different race. In the school where they had been kept by their parents showed that they can forget about

Family in Dead Poet’s Society’s Neil Perry Free Essays

Neal Perry is one of the major characters in the Peter Weir 1989 film Dead Poet’s Society which starred Robin Williams as Professor John Keating who inspired the lives of his students at Welton Academy. Actor Robert Sean Leonard portrays Neal Perry and plays as a pressured student who is passionate about theatre. In this film, family plays a large role in the development of the plot and the characters in the film most especially Neil Perry’s family who later can be assumed as the reason for Neil’s suicide. We will write a custom essay sample on Family in Dead Poet’s Society’s Neil Perry or any similar topic only for you Order Now His parents are presented in the film as the typical aristocrats who hold themselves responsible for their child’s future career. Mr. Perry is a father who dictates what he and his wife think is the best for Neil without considering his interests. Clearly, this puts Neil in a very frustrating situation as he struggles to pursue his dreams and please his parents. Her mother who at some point can be regarded as softer than his father, she also contributes to the pressure being put upon Neil. They want him to become a doctor someday which reveals that they want him to be in a profession where there is a stable income. Being an actor clearly does not appeal to them as the profession does not always provide stability. Also, it can be assumed that Neil’s parents are also dictated by the society around. They are also victims of conformity who want to establish their reputation in the higher class of their society. John Keating, the English professor of Neil Perry has definitely influenced his way of thinking. Mr. Keating inspired him to â€Å"Seize the day† and pursue his dreams despite the dictates of his family or society. Neil responds to this by pursuing a role in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. He does so without the consent of his parents. However, the move just worsens his situation as he is instructed to leave Welton to enter a military school. Apparently, Neil believes he had had enough of his parents’ dictates in his life that he finally resorts to suicide. In Neil’s situation, it is quite hard to determine whether it is Mr. Keating’s teachings that led him to taking his life. What Mr. Keating intends to teach is non-conformity—for students to practice freedom and pursue their dreams for their own fulfillment. For this matter, it can be assumed that Neil would not have taken suicide if he had not met Mr. Keating. It is Mr. Keating who taught him to pursue his dreams no matter what and his act of taking the role of Puck in A Midsummer Night’s Dream led his parents to have him quit school for military. Before Mr. Keating, Neil has always been the obedient child who always followed his parent’s orders. Without Mr. Keating, he would not have auditioned for the character role for it would be disobedience to his parents. Without Mr. Keating, he would probably be still stuck in the medicine field too weak to stand up for his own and defend himself to his parents. He would not have known freedom and would still have conformed to the rules of his family and society. His passion in acting would not have been ignited by Mr. Keating’s teachings. Clearly, Mr. Keating has influenced his way of thinking that led him to become more frustrated in life. However, suicide is not acceptabl e as the only way out. With Mr. Keating’s teachings of non-conformity, Neil could have pursued his dreams by himself and detach himself from his tyrannical parents. He could have made a living of his own by accepting acting roles. In addition, he could have asked Mr. Keating for help. Mr. Keating could have talked to his parents and convinced them that their son is not a machine that they could run by themselves. He needs to have a life of his won. There are a lot of other ways to solve his predicament without him taking his life. Clearly, his parents have become too much of a burden for him emotionally that a boy of his intelligence was unable to think straight in such a hard time. In this film, the purpose of one’s family is given emphasis as the major supporter of one’s life. Neil Perry has lost all the support that he needs when his parents forced him into things that he does not want to do. His family is unable to understand his passion which creates a discrepancy in his way of living that he resorts to suicide. One’s family is as important as the air that we breathe. Living without their support can clearly make life miserable in ways that it makes life feel unworthy. How to cite Family in Dead Poet’s Society’s Neil Perry, Essays

The Waste Land By T.S. Eliot Essay Example For Students

The Waste Land By T.S. Eliot Essay SPEECH/LANGUAGE (I)In the poem, The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot gives a primarily positive connotation by using the theme of speech, language, and failure of speech. In each of the sections, Eliot shows how speech and communication are important in life. He also shows that speech cannot always accomplish what actions can. The way the characters in the poem use speech show that speech and communication are important. A Game of Chess This section may be the best example of communication in the whole poem. While many of the other themes are present, the main part of this section deal with the interaction between two people, in two different places. Although at first these conversations seem to be very fruitless and unproductive, at the end it is revealed that what was trying to beaccomplished by the conversations happens anyway. The first part of A Game of Chess tells of a man and a woman having dinner. A very elaborate description of the dinner scene, the woman, and the sights and smells that fill the room. After dinner to woman tries to engage the man in conversation but to no avail. As she continues to get more frustrated with and his unwillingness to answer her questions, it would seem Eliot is showing how speech and communication do not accomplish their intended goals. The woman keeps asking the man what he wants to do after dinner, but only his thoughts are revealed to thereader, he does not respond to the woman. Eventually after the womans tiring effort to get a response they still end up taking a carriage ride and playing a game of chess. So while the woman thought that she was getting no where with him, she actually achieved exactly what she wanted. In this sense a transformation occurs from the point in which the woman thought that she was getting no where to the point where she realized that he ha d been listening the whole time, and she still got to do what she wanted to do. The second part of this section tells of two women whos husbands are off to war. One is telling the other that she should try to make herself look good for her husband upon his return. She insists that she has no reason for looking good and that she does not want anymore kidsanyway. The woman eventually get fed up with her ignorance and says that her husband may leave her if she does not change for him. Here it seems that communication is also pointless because no matter how much the woman tries to change the others mind she stillrefuses to change. When the husbands do finally return though, they are still happy to see their wives and the section ends with good night, ladies which shows that the husbands were happy to see their wives no matter what they looked like. The same transformation occurs here aswell. In the beginning the conversation seems to be going nowhere but what was trying to get accomplished still does. What the Thunder Said This final section talks about the salvatio n of the Waste Land. This dry arid place must have water to go on existing and to change from the state that it is in now. The thunder can be heard from beyond the mountain but it is not coming over into the valley to save the Waste Land. A story is told of a woman who plays a violin with a strand of her hair as a bow. This music brings singing from the empty cisterns and wells of the land, and eventually it is this womans song which brings the rains to the Waste Land. Although it is not speech, this is a form of communication, and it shows the importance of it. The song is the salvation of the Waste Land. When the rains finally come, the thunder speaks with the voice of the gods. It repeats over and over the word Da, which comes from the Upanishads. It can be translated in three different ways by the gods, man, or demons. This shows that while one thing is said it can beinterpreted in many ways depending upon the listener. No matter how it is interpreted though, the thunder and its voice have renewed this arid place. Once more Eliot shows that communication is the key to keeping the world from becoming a Waste Land, and that it is the only thing that can save it. All these examples from each section show how Eliot us es speech and failure of speech to give the image of the poem a positive connotation. The way that Eliot presents this theme in the poem is positive because he shows that speech and communication are important. .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .postImageUrl , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:hover , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:visited , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:active { border:0!important; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:active , .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u72cd88805051fcdbad612330471fb72a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Police Brutality EssayPoetry Essays

Steinbeck’s novels Essay Example Essay Example

Steinbeck’s novels Essay Example Paper Steinbeck’s novels Essay Introduction This essay will develop the thesis of how Steinbeck’s novels integrate the life of the working man like no other modern novel. The novels that will be discussed include Cannery Row, and Grapes of Wrath. The writing of the working class struggle brought forth a consciousness to the country of the plight and dangers involved in poverty. A brief look at poverty in the country will also be discussed as inclusive examples supporting Steinbeck’s novels and the concept of the working class.Steinbeck’s Cannery Row introduces the reader to Mack and the boys. In the cannery district known as Monterey California are vagabonds, urchins or general destitute people. The object of the novel centers mainly around the boys getting Doc something nice, or doing something nice for him since he is the general care –taker of cannery row (albeit Steinbeck does not only focus on this story but introduces subplots in vignettes in which the theme is central to violence, destitution , and despondency towards the state of life in Cannery Row).The boys succeed in their party, but due to timing Doc arrives late and discovers a mess in his house; the juxtaposition of this event with the epidemic of influenza as orchestrated by the author are telltale signs of personal identity and its leading evidence as to social maturity and identity through culture as concurrent themes. The party eventually does take place this time inclusive of Doc and the novel ends with a classic Steinbeck reflection of life and identity through culture (Benson 132).Identity as portrayed in this novel is subject to the whims of circumstance in which the characters are either presented as flawed because of violence prevalent in their society or else as in Doc’s character, their identity is strengthened in such circumstances as it affords the character a chance to improve on himself and create around him a more trusting atmosphere. The character of Lee Chong is in direct opposition to Do c. Lee Chong can best be described as a surly man, a miser really whose obsession with perfection and misery allow for Doc’s character to be perceived as more virtuous in comparison.Thus, individual identity is affected by society and culture and circumstance but the prevailing message offered from Steinbeck is that there is still individual choice as to the performance and mutation of that identity even with economic struggle. Therefore the novel presents extremes of personality each created through similar environments in order to prove the progressiveness of choice in forming identity despite socio-economic circumstances.In Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath, the reader is introduced to the Joads family. This family goes through a type of Odyssey from one end of the country to California searching for a way of living after having been kicked off their farm. They travel and try to make it as a family but on each part of the trip one family member seems to wander off, die, o r just lose hope. This is the pinnacle example of the working class struggle as it is seen through the Joads family (Hicks 22).Steinbeck does not only limit his example of struggle for the family through economic upheaval but also natural disasters†66 is the path of a people in flight, refugees from dust and shrinking land, from the thunder of tractors and invasion, from the twisting winds that howl up out of Texas, from floods that bring no richness to the lnad and steal what little richness is there.† (p. 150). The family survives a great flood as well as fire, which only heightens the sense to the reader of how very desperate the family is in their current situation. The outcry of this family is only seen more clearly as in the novel, or along the journey of the Joads’s, the reader is also introduce to a population of characters who are faced with the same struggles, crimes, and poverty (Pizer 85). This was the testament to economic depravity which are thematic through Steinbeck’s novels â€Å"So you’re lookin’ for work. What ya think ever’body else is lookin’ for? Di’monds? What you think I wore my ass down to a nub lookin’ for?† (p. 312). The fact that the reader is not only given a single story of poverty through the characters but the characters introduce the reader to a population ranging into the thousands of people who are in the same situation emphasize Steinbeck’s expression of the working poor.It is in the disparity of the poor that Steinbeck rests his theme of the book The Grapes of Wrath. The struggle of the Joads is meant to convey a story of everyman, as in Greek plays, in which the main character is easily identified with the audience. The point of issuing in a variance of characters is so that Steinbeck may introduce those who succumb to the struggle, those who walk off during the flood and are not found again, those who stay behind with shotguns on their porch es ready to kill the bank man or themselves, and the Joads are a complete representation of the entire state of the poor. As a family, the Joads realize that they must depend on their neighbors to some degree, on the kindness and directions of strangers. One very striking moment in the novel is when the Joads witness the site of the homeless people spread across the countryside, in makeshift tents, in cars, in their blankets and the police brutality executed on them, for simply being poor, and without land as Steinbeck writes,There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation. There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize. There is a failure here that topples all our success. The fertile earth, the straight tree rows, the sturdy trucks, and the ripe fruit. And children dying of pellagra must die because a profit cannot be taken from an orange. And coroners must fill in the certificates — died of malnutrition — because the food must rot, must be forced to rot (3 48-9).This is the contradiction of the novel, or of the economic situation; the fact that most of the families had land, but that land was confiscated by the bank or the government despite generations having owned and lived on it, so the government forces them off their property and thus begins the great migration west to find a better life, only there are too many people searching for the same thing and the surplus is daunting and the government’s inability to realize the cause and effect nature of their actions leads to this type of economic stress. This example is not only in accordance to Steinbeck’s writing of the novel but may also serve as a social commentary for today with homelessness, the working poor, and welfare, as Cunningham writes,The conditions for agricultural laborers were as bad or worse as those for southern tenant farmers and sharecroppers. While there were small permanent workforces on California farms, the vast majority of the labor was needed at harvest time, and was performed by migrant laborers who followed the crops as they matured over a six-month harvest season. By the 1930s, the pay and working conditions had both been terrible for at least sixty years. Migrant workers had few possessions, lived in substandard company housing or in makeshift camps, and had to provide their own transportation — usually ancient â€Å"jalopies.† Their children had limited or no access to schools, and they had little healthcare, making malnutrition and preventable diseases common (2002).Steinbeck introduced his audience with the idea of cause and effect, and these notions are still in accordance to modernity.It is in the travels of the Joad’s that the reader is introduced to the situation in the country or foreclosures, outdated mortgages, repossessed property, in every stop that the Joads take on their travel out west on route 66, the reader is introduced to some situation of poverty. Steinbeck uses a cunning exampl e of poverty and the working poor in a diner; a man is paying for his meal and two kids are eyeing pieces of candy; their eyes like gumdrops knowing that to possess the candy is an uncertainty and yet, they want it nonetheless.Due to the children’s own desire, and the desperation felt in the country by every working person for their fellow man, the lady behind the register grants the kid’s their wish, and gives the pieces of candy to the two children despite the fact that the man, the father is unable to pay for such a luxury. The woman says that it doesn’t matter. In the eyes of the two children, and their desire met in the form of candy, Steinbeck is relating, not the act of charity in the woman giving the kid’s their candy, but the act was one of hope, and of slight desperation. If the children of the country are suffering in the simplest form of not having candy, then the country is indeed doomed. However, if children may still enjoy life, still recei ve candy then there is hope. This tiny pit stop Steinbeck takes in the novel is a way station of hope for the reader, the children, the father, the waitress who gave the candy to the kids in the first place.The entire country in Steinbeck’s novel Grapes of Wrath seems to be homeless, or else living on communal government property, or else simply traveling with their families in constant movement in order to find a home. The economy is a character of its own in Steinbeck’s novels. He created a sense of urgency, or failure as well as hope through his stories â€Å"Goin’ away ain’t gona ease us. It’s gonna bear us down.They was the time when we was on the lan’. They was a boundary to us then. Ol’ folks dies off, an’ little fellas come, an’ we was one thing – we was the fambly – kinda whole and clear. An’ we ain’t clear no more.† (p. 500). It was through this recognition with the characterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s of the reader that a sense of social struggle became a historical marker. It is important that Steinbeck wrote about the struggle of the working class, because otherwise, the cause and effect of job loss to homelessness would have been an equation with no solution, no connection, as Cunningham writes in critique of The Grapes of Wrath,The critique encourages the middle-class reader to move beyond sympathy for those more exploited and to a solidarity based on experiences within the same system. The reader is encouraged to care about the Joads and is simultaneously shown that, as society’s unit of economic survival, the family is inadequate, the product of an outmoded social order. The novel relies on the ideological notion of the self-contained family to win the reader’s concern for the Joads, and then argues for the necessity of communal, rather than familial, welfare (Cunningham 2002).With the reality and the story of the Joads’s as well as the facts o f Cannery Row that the reader may better recognize how the struggle of the working class is in direct correlation with the struggle of the entire country, and thus, the equation may be solved. Steinbeck’s emphasis on the working poor, and of the poverty level of the country can best be described as an attributing factor of the plight of the working poor and his recognition of it is surmised to the rest of the country for them to understand the issue of cause and effect.Although Steinbeck’s use of the everyman may be considered to be anachronistic in the form of outdated material of the Okie, and the farm worker, such relevant places in society are still struggling with the same economic and social issues. This testament of the prevalence of such issues relates back to the importance of Steinbeck having written Cannery Row and Grapes of Wrath since both novels portend to the same issues in today’s society. The clever nature of the write alludes to the fact of tim elessness, despite the fact that in this case the timeless issue is that of poverty, the relevance is that the same issues that drove the Joads and most middle America west are still in the same crisis. Steinbeck’s novels Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Essay Writing Tips - Writing a Sample Student Essay With Errors

Essay Writing Tips - Writing a Sample Student Essay With ErrorsIf you want to write a sample paper, make sure it has spelling errors and grammar errors. Even if you have the correct curriculum vitae and evidence to back up your claims, there is no way to guarantee that it will be read and accepted by the university admissions committee. Keep these things in mind when composing your sample student essay.There are many considerations that go into writing academic writing. They include consistency, style, punctuation, spelling, grammar, and most importantly, tone. Your choice of topic, quality of your academic background, experience, and credibility all play a role in determining the tone you create for your essay.You might think that you can alter the language or spelling in your essay. This isn't possible, but you can make an effort to edit the grammar and style of your sample. In particular, you want to avoid taking paragraphs out of context. For example, if your topic is the myth of non-existence, you might want to note that in many instances the single word 'no' was used as a verb.The topic of your academic essay might be about or relating to a specific part of your life. Writing about your profession in this manner will lead to the impression that you are too sheltered to deal with outside life. It also presents a rather negative view of your career choices. You might want to choose a topic that is more personal, such as a family member's difficulties with substance abuse or a close friend's struggle with a disease.To get through your academic essay with accuracy, you will need to prepare yourself mentally for the task ahead. This will require preparation time and effort. However, just a few minutes each day to focus on the quality of your writing will go a long way toward improving your writing. This applies to writing samples as well.The best thing to do in the writing samples is to stick to the basic form of your topic. This includes making sure that you cite sources, clarify and discuss details that are confusing, use precise grammar, and avoid unnecessary phrases and such. There is little room for error in these examples. By using those basic format standards, you will stand a better chance of being accepted. Being recognized as an excellent writer is all the more beneficial when you get a chance to meet a much higher caliber of students who might have applied for your academic institution.Remember that the academic college essay can be much more than simply conveying a specific point to your audience. While it is certainly the aim of the writing sample to earn the desired degree, your essay needs to be able to communicate your own perspective and experiences. If you are unsure of how to start, consider consulting a professional. There are so many different types of writing samples, it is easy to find one that will suit your own writing style.

buy custom The Healthcare Sector essay

buy custom The Healthcare Sector essay The healthcare sector provides a service just like all the other service industries and as such has a market and needs to grow that market. The nature of the healthcare service industry tended for a long time to depend on patients seeking the service and the need for marketing was overlooked. However, managers in this vital service industry realized that for people to seek these services, they needed to have information about their existence and thus started the revolution in the way healthcare providers marketed their services. This need was compounded by the fact that hospitals tended to favour metropolitan locations and as such most hospitals would find themselves concentrated in one location. The similarities of their services and sometimes the differences provided for a platform for cooperation in multi-hospital marketing and the hospitals that used this approach mutually benefited, this research paper aims to shed more light on the bottlenecks that multi-hospital marketing approach faced in its formative years before it gained widespread acceptance. The paper addresses the appropriateness of marketing in the hospital services context, the effectiveness of such marketing in a multi-hospital systems and finally the accountability of multi-hospital systems marketing. In their 1992 study Zaremba, Tucker, and Ogilvie concluded that less innovative systems tended to have narrower scope of marketing activities than more innovative systems. These researchers found that, systems that were innovators, as compared to non-innovators, tended to use marketing information and formalized communications systems-key components of an integrated marketing information dimension of a marketing orientation. When hospitals plan and market properly, they become more effective in their service delivery. Naidu Narayana 1991 found that, Often a market analysis is a key component of the strategic plan. A detailed market analysis assists in identifying utilization rates, projecting future volume, assessing competitive position, developing an actual marketing plan, and is a vital component when researching potential new services or locations. While considerable time, thought, and effort goes into the analysis of various data components, one key component of the market analysis is often overlooked defining the actual market. It is important to take into consideration the fact that hospital service seekers are not a community and cannot identify themselves as such and define themselves as a market (Thompson Hurley 1993). In their 1993 study, Thompson Hurley said that, The hospital marketing function has been widely adopted as a way to learn about markets, attract sufficient resources, develop appropriate services, and communicate the availability of such goods to those who may be able to purchase such services. The structure, tasks, and effectiveness of the marketing function have been the subject of increased inquiry by researchers and practitioners alike. A specific understanding of hospital marketing in a growing managed care environment and the relationship between marketing and managed care processes in hospitals is a growing concern. Buy custom The Healthcare Sector essay

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Processes

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Processes All living things need a continuous supply of energy to keep their cells functioning normally and to stay healthy. Some organisms, called autotrophs, can produce their own energy using sunlight or other energy sources through processes such as ​photosynthesis. Others, like humans, need to eat food in order to produce energy. However, that is not the type of energy cells use to function. Instead, they use a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to keep themselves going. The cells, therefore, must have a way to take the chemical energy stored in food and transform it into the ATP they need to function. The process cells undergo to make this change is called cellular respiration. Two Types of Cellular Processes Cellular respiration can be aerobic (meaning with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen). Which route the cells take to create the ATP depends solely on whether or not there is enough oxygen present to undergo aerobic respiration. If there is not enough oxygen present for aerobic respiration, then some organisms will resort to using anaerobic respiration or other anaerobic processes such as fermentation. Aerobic Respiration In order to maximize the amount of ATP made in the process of cellular respiration, oxygen must be present. As eukaryotic species evolved over time, they became more complex with more organs and body parts. It became necessary for cells to be able to create as much ATP as possible to keep these new adaptations running properly. Early Earths atmosphere had very little oxygen. It wasnt until after autotrophs became abundant and released large amounts of oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis that aerobic respiration could evolve. The oxygen allowed each cell to produce many times more ATP than their ancient ancestors that relied on anaerobic respiration. This process happens in the cell organelle called the mitochondria. Anaerobic Processes More primitive are  the processes that many organisms undergo when not enough oxygen is present. The most commonly known anaerobic processes are known as fermentation.  Most anaerobic processes start  out the same way as aerobic respiration, but they stop  partway through the pathway because the oxygen is not available for it to finish the aerobic respiration process, or they join with another molecule that is not oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Fermentation makes many fewer ATP and also releases byproducts of either lactic acid or alcohol, in most cases. Anaerobic processes can happen in the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of the cell. Lactic acid fermentation is the type of anaerobic process humans undergo if there is a shortage of oxygen. For example, long distance runners experience a buildup of lactic acid in their muscles because they are not taking in enough oxygen to keep up with the demand of energy needed for the exercise. The lactic acid can even cause cramping and soreness in the muscles as time goes on. Alcoholic fermentation does not happen in humans. Yeast is a good example of an organism that undergoes alcoholic fermentation. The same process that goes on in the mitochondria during lactic acid fermentation also happens in alcoholic fermentation. The only difference is that the byproduct of alcoholic fermentation is ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic fermentation is important for the beer industry. Beer makers add yeast which will undergo alcoholic fermentation to add alcohol to the brew. Wine fermentation is also similar and provides the alcohol for the wine. Which is Better? Aerobic respiration is much more efficient at making ATP than anaerobic processes like fermentation. Without oxygen, the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration get backed up and will not work any longer. This forces the cell to undergo the much less efficient fermentation. While aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP, the different types of fermentation  can only have a net gain of 2 ATP. Evolution and Respiration It is thought that the most ancient type of respiration is anaerobic. Since there was little to no oxygen present when the first eukaryotic cells evolved through endosymbiosis, they could only undergo anaerobic respiration or something similar to fermentation. This was not a problem, however, since those first cells were unicellular. Producing only 2 ATP at a time was enough to keep the single cell running. As multicellular eukaryotic organisms began to appear on Earth, the larger and more complex organisms needed to produce more energy. Through natural selection, organisms with more mitochondria that could undergo aerobic respiration survived and reproduced, passing on these favorable adaptations to their offspring. The more ancient versions could no longer keep up with the demand for ATP in the more complex organism and went extinct.