Steinbeck’s novels Essay Example Essay Example

Steinbeck’s novels Essay Example Paper Steinbeck’s novels Essay Introduction This essay will develop the thesis of how Steinbeck’s novels integrate the life of the working man like no other modern novel. The novels that will be discussed include Cannery Row, and Grapes of Wrath. The writing of the working class struggle brought forth a consciousness to the country of the plight and dangers involved in poverty. A brief look at poverty in the country will also be discussed as inclusive examples supporting Steinbeck’s novels and the concept of the working class.Steinbeck’s Cannery Row introduces the reader to Mack and the boys. In the cannery district known as Monterey California are vagabonds, urchins or general destitute people. The object of the novel centers mainly around the boys getting Doc something nice, or doing something nice for him since he is the general care –taker of cannery row (albeit Steinbeck does not only focus on this story but introduces subplots in vignettes in which the theme is central to violence, destitution , and despondency towards the state of life in Cannery Row).The boys succeed in their party, but due to timing Doc arrives late and discovers a mess in his house; the juxtaposition of this event with the epidemic of influenza as orchestrated by the author are telltale signs of personal identity and its leading evidence as to social maturity and identity through culture as concurrent themes. The party eventually does take place this time inclusive of Doc and the novel ends with a classic Steinbeck reflection of life and identity through culture (Benson 132).Identity as portrayed in this novel is subject to the whims of circumstance in which the characters are either presented as flawed because of violence prevalent in their society or else as in Doc’s character, their identity is strengthened in such circumstances as it affords the character a chance to improve on himself and create around him a more trusting atmosphere. The character of Lee Chong is in direct opposition to Do c. Lee Chong can best be described as a surly man, a miser really whose obsession with perfection and misery allow for Doc’s character to be perceived as more virtuous in comparison.Thus, individual identity is affected by society and culture and circumstance but the prevailing message offered from Steinbeck is that there is still individual choice as to the performance and mutation of that identity even with economic struggle. Therefore the novel presents extremes of personality each created through similar environments in order to prove the progressiveness of choice in forming identity despite socio-economic circumstances.In Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath, the reader is introduced to the Joads family. This family goes through a type of Odyssey from one end of the country to California searching for a way of living after having been kicked off their farm. They travel and try to make it as a family but on each part of the trip one family member seems to wander off, die, o r just lose hope. This is the pinnacle example of the working class struggle as it is seen through the Joads family (Hicks 22).Steinbeck does not only limit his example of struggle for the family through economic upheaval but also natural disasters†66 is the path of a people in flight, refugees from dust and shrinking land, from the thunder of tractors and invasion, from the twisting winds that howl up out of Texas, from floods that bring no richness to the lnad and steal what little richness is there.† (p. 150). The family survives a great flood as well as fire, which only heightens the sense to the reader of how very desperate the family is in their current situation. The outcry of this family is only seen more clearly as in the novel, or along the journey of the Joads’s, the reader is also introduce to a population of characters who are faced with the same struggles, crimes, and poverty (Pizer 85). This was the testament to economic depravity which are thematic through Steinbeck’s novels â€Å"So you’re lookin’ for work. What ya think ever’body else is lookin’ for? Di’monds? What you think I wore my ass down to a nub lookin’ for?† (p. 312). The fact that the reader is not only given a single story of poverty through the characters but the characters introduce the reader to a population ranging into the thousands of people who are in the same situation emphasize Steinbeck’s expression of the working poor.It is in the disparity of the poor that Steinbeck rests his theme of the book The Grapes of Wrath. The struggle of the Joads is meant to convey a story of everyman, as in Greek plays, in which the main character is easily identified with the audience. The point of issuing in a variance of characters is so that Steinbeck may introduce those who succumb to the struggle, those who walk off during the flood and are not found again, those who stay behind with shotguns on their porch es ready to kill the bank man or themselves, and the Joads are a complete representation of the entire state of the poor. As a family, the Joads realize that they must depend on their neighbors to some degree, on the kindness and directions of strangers. One very striking moment in the novel is when the Joads witness the site of the homeless people spread across the countryside, in makeshift tents, in cars, in their blankets and the police brutality executed on them, for simply being poor, and without land as Steinbeck writes,There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation. There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize. There is a failure here that topples all our success. The fertile earth, the straight tree rows, the sturdy trucks, and the ripe fruit. And children dying of pellagra must die because a profit cannot be taken from an orange. And coroners must fill in the certificates — died of malnutrition — because the food must rot, must be forced to rot (3 48-9).This is the contradiction of the novel, or of the economic situation; the fact that most of the families had land, but that land was confiscated by the bank or the government despite generations having owned and lived on it, so the government forces them off their property and thus begins the great migration west to find a better life, only there are too many people searching for the same thing and the surplus is daunting and the government’s inability to realize the cause and effect nature of their actions leads to this type of economic stress. This example is not only in accordance to Steinbeck’s writing of the novel but may also serve as a social commentary for today with homelessness, the working poor, and welfare, as Cunningham writes,The conditions for agricultural laborers were as bad or worse as those for southern tenant farmers and sharecroppers. While there were small permanent workforces on California farms, the vast majority of the labor was needed at harvest time, and was performed by migrant laborers who followed the crops as they matured over a six-month harvest season. By the 1930s, the pay and working conditions had both been terrible for at least sixty years. Migrant workers had few possessions, lived in substandard company housing or in makeshift camps, and had to provide their own transportation — usually ancient â€Å"jalopies.† Their children had limited or no access to schools, and they had little healthcare, making malnutrition and preventable diseases common (2002).Steinbeck introduced his audience with the idea of cause and effect, and these notions are still in accordance to modernity.It is in the travels of the Joad’s that the reader is introduced to the situation in the country or foreclosures, outdated mortgages, repossessed property, in every stop that the Joads take on their travel out west on route 66, the reader is introduced to some situation of poverty. Steinbeck uses a cunning exampl e of poverty and the working poor in a diner; a man is paying for his meal and two kids are eyeing pieces of candy; their eyes like gumdrops knowing that to possess the candy is an uncertainty and yet, they want it nonetheless.Due to the children’s own desire, and the desperation felt in the country by every working person for their fellow man, the lady behind the register grants the kid’s their wish, and gives the pieces of candy to the two children despite the fact that the man, the father is unable to pay for such a luxury. The woman says that it doesn’t matter. In the eyes of the two children, and their desire met in the form of candy, Steinbeck is relating, not the act of charity in the woman giving the kid’s their candy, but the act was one of hope, and of slight desperation. If the children of the country are suffering in the simplest form of not having candy, then the country is indeed doomed. However, if children may still enjoy life, still recei ve candy then there is hope. This tiny pit stop Steinbeck takes in the novel is a way station of hope for the reader, the children, the father, the waitress who gave the candy to the kids in the first place.The entire country in Steinbeck’s novel Grapes of Wrath seems to be homeless, or else living on communal government property, or else simply traveling with their families in constant movement in order to find a home. The economy is a character of its own in Steinbeck’s novels. He created a sense of urgency, or failure as well as hope through his stories â€Å"Goin’ away ain’t gona ease us. It’s gonna bear us down.They was the time when we was on the lan’. They was a boundary to us then. Ol’ folks dies off, an’ little fellas come, an’ we was one thing – we was the fambly – kinda whole and clear. An’ we ain’t clear no more.† (p. 500). It was through this recognition with the characterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s of the reader that a sense of social struggle became a historical marker. It is important that Steinbeck wrote about the struggle of the working class, because otherwise, the cause and effect of job loss to homelessness would have been an equation with no solution, no connection, as Cunningham writes in critique of The Grapes of Wrath,The critique encourages the middle-class reader to move beyond sympathy for those more exploited and to a solidarity based on experiences within the same system. The reader is encouraged to care about the Joads and is simultaneously shown that, as society’s unit of economic survival, the family is inadequate, the product of an outmoded social order. The novel relies on the ideological notion of the self-contained family to win the reader’s concern for the Joads, and then argues for the necessity of communal, rather than familial, welfare (Cunningham 2002).With the reality and the story of the Joads’s as well as the facts o f Cannery Row that the reader may better recognize how the struggle of the working class is in direct correlation with the struggle of the entire country, and thus, the equation may be solved. Steinbeck’s emphasis on the working poor, and of the poverty level of the country can best be described as an attributing factor of the plight of the working poor and his recognition of it is surmised to the rest of the country for them to understand the issue of cause and effect.Although Steinbeck’s use of the everyman may be considered to be anachronistic in the form of outdated material of the Okie, and the farm worker, such relevant places in society are still struggling with the same economic and social issues. This testament of the prevalence of such issues relates back to the importance of Steinbeck having written Cannery Row and Grapes of Wrath since both novels portend to the same issues in today’s society. The clever nature of the write alludes to the fact of tim elessness, despite the fact that in this case the timeless issue is that of poverty, the relevance is that the same issues that drove the Joads and most middle America west are still in the same crisis. Steinbeck’s novels Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Essay Writing Tips - Writing a Sample Student Essay With Errors

Essay Writing Tips - Writing a Sample Student Essay With ErrorsIf you want to write a sample paper, make sure it has spelling errors and grammar errors. Even if you have the correct curriculum vitae and evidence to back up your claims, there is no way to guarantee that it will be read and accepted by the university admissions committee. Keep these things in mind when composing your sample student essay.There are many considerations that go into writing academic writing. They include consistency, style, punctuation, spelling, grammar, and most importantly, tone. Your choice of topic, quality of your academic background, experience, and credibility all play a role in determining the tone you create for your essay.You might think that you can alter the language or spelling in your essay. This isn't possible, but you can make an effort to edit the grammar and style of your sample. In particular, you want to avoid taking paragraphs out of context. For example, if your topic is the myth of non-existence, you might want to note that in many instances the single word 'no' was used as a verb.The topic of your academic essay might be about or relating to a specific part of your life. Writing about your profession in this manner will lead to the impression that you are too sheltered to deal with outside life. It also presents a rather negative view of your career choices. You might want to choose a topic that is more personal, such as a family member's difficulties with substance abuse or a close friend's struggle with a disease.To get through your academic essay with accuracy, you will need to prepare yourself mentally for the task ahead. This will require preparation time and effort. However, just a few minutes each day to focus on the quality of your writing will go a long way toward improving your writing. This applies to writing samples as well.The best thing to do in the writing samples is to stick to the basic form of your topic. This includes making sure that you cite sources, clarify and discuss details that are confusing, use precise grammar, and avoid unnecessary phrases and such. There is little room for error in these examples. By using those basic format standards, you will stand a better chance of being accepted. Being recognized as an excellent writer is all the more beneficial when you get a chance to meet a much higher caliber of students who might have applied for your academic institution.Remember that the academic college essay can be much more than simply conveying a specific point to your audience. While it is certainly the aim of the writing sample to earn the desired degree, your essay needs to be able to communicate your own perspective and experiences. If you are unsure of how to start, consider consulting a professional. There are so many different types of writing samples, it is easy to find one that will suit your own writing style.

buy custom The Healthcare Sector essay

buy custom The Healthcare Sector essay The healthcare sector provides a service just like all the other service industries and as such has a market and needs to grow that market. The nature of the healthcare service industry tended for a long time to depend on patients seeking the service and the need for marketing was overlooked. However, managers in this vital service industry realized that for people to seek these services, they needed to have information about their existence and thus started the revolution in the way healthcare providers marketed their services. This need was compounded by the fact that hospitals tended to favour metropolitan locations and as such most hospitals would find themselves concentrated in one location. The similarities of their services and sometimes the differences provided for a platform for cooperation in multi-hospital marketing and the hospitals that used this approach mutually benefited, this research paper aims to shed more light on the bottlenecks that multi-hospital marketing approach faced in its formative years before it gained widespread acceptance. The paper addresses the appropriateness of marketing in the hospital services context, the effectiveness of such marketing in a multi-hospital systems and finally the accountability of multi-hospital systems marketing. In their 1992 study Zaremba, Tucker, and Ogilvie concluded that less innovative systems tended to have narrower scope of marketing activities than more innovative systems. These researchers found that, systems that were innovators, as compared to non-innovators, tended to use marketing information and formalized communications systems-key components of an integrated marketing information dimension of a marketing orientation. When hospitals plan and market properly, they become more effective in their service delivery. Naidu Narayana 1991 found that, Often a market analysis is a key component of the strategic plan. A detailed market analysis assists in identifying utilization rates, projecting future volume, assessing competitive position, developing an actual marketing plan, and is a vital component when researching potential new services or locations. While considerable time, thought, and effort goes into the analysis of various data components, one key component of the market analysis is often overlooked defining the actual market. It is important to take into consideration the fact that hospital service seekers are not a community and cannot identify themselves as such and define themselves as a market (Thompson Hurley 1993). In their 1993 study, Thompson Hurley said that, The hospital marketing function has been widely adopted as a way to learn about markets, attract sufficient resources, develop appropriate services, and communicate the availability of such goods to those who may be able to purchase such services. The structure, tasks, and effectiveness of the marketing function have been the subject of increased inquiry by researchers and practitioners alike. A specific understanding of hospital marketing in a growing managed care environment and the relationship between marketing and managed care processes in hospitals is a growing concern. Buy custom The Healthcare Sector essay

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Processes

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Processes All living things need a continuous supply of energy to keep their cells functioning normally and to stay healthy. Some organisms, called autotrophs, can produce their own energy using sunlight or other energy sources through processes such as ​photosynthesis. Others, like humans, need to eat food in order to produce energy. However, that is not the type of energy cells use to function. Instead, they use a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to keep themselves going. The cells, therefore, must have a way to take the chemical energy stored in food and transform it into the ATP they need to function. The process cells undergo to make this change is called cellular respiration. Two Types of Cellular Processes Cellular respiration can be aerobic (meaning with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen). Which route the cells take to create the ATP depends solely on whether or not there is enough oxygen present to undergo aerobic respiration. If there is not enough oxygen present for aerobic respiration, then some organisms will resort to using anaerobic respiration or other anaerobic processes such as fermentation. Aerobic Respiration In order to maximize the amount of ATP made in the process of cellular respiration, oxygen must be present. As eukaryotic species evolved over time, they became more complex with more organs and body parts. It became necessary for cells to be able to create as much ATP as possible to keep these new adaptations running properly. Early Earths atmosphere had very little oxygen. It wasnt until after autotrophs became abundant and released large amounts of oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis that aerobic respiration could evolve. The oxygen allowed each cell to produce many times more ATP than their ancient ancestors that relied on anaerobic respiration. This process happens in the cell organelle called the mitochondria. Anaerobic Processes More primitive are  the processes that many organisms undergo when not enough oxygen is present. The most commonly known anaerobic processes are known as fermentation.  Most anaerobic processes start  out the same way as aerobic respiration, but they stop  partway through the pathway because the oxygen is not available for it to finish the aerobic respiration process, or they join with another molecule that is not oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Fermentation makes many fewer ATP and also releases byproducts of either lactic acid or alcohol, in most cases. Anaerobic processes can happen in the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of the cell. Lactic acid fermentation is the type of anaerobic process humans undergo if there is a shortage of oxygen. For example, long distance runners experience a buildup of lactic acid in their muscles because they are not taking in enough oxygen to keep up with the demand of energy needed for the exercise. The lactic acid can even cause cramping and soreness in the muscles as time goes on. Alcoholic fermentation does not happen in humans. Yeast is a good example of an organism that undergoes alcoholic fermentation. The same process that goes on in the mitochondria during lactic acid fermentation also happens in alcoholic fermentation. The only difference is that the byproduct of alcoholic fermentation is ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic fermentation is important for the beer industry. Beer makers add yeast which will undergo alcoholic fermentation to add alcohol to the brew. Wine fermentation is also similar and provides the alcohol for the wine. Which is Better? Aerobic respiration is much more efficient at making ATP than anaerobic processes like fermentation. Without oxygen, the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration get backed up and will not work any longer. This forces the cell to undergo the much less efficient fermentation. While aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP, the different types of fermentation  can only have a net gain of 2 ATP. Evolution and Respiration It is thought that the most ancient type of respiration is anaerobic. Since there was little to no oxygen present when the first eukaryotic cells evolved through endosymbiosis, they could only undergo anaerobic respiration or something similar to fermentation. This was not a problem, however, since those first cells were unicellular. Producing only 2 ATP at a time was enough to keep the single cell running. As multicellular eukaryotic organisms began to appear on Earth, the larger and more complex organisms needed to produce more energy. Through natural selection, organisms with more mitochondria that could undergo aerobic respiration survived and reproduced, passing on these favorable adaptations to their offspring. The more ancient versions could no longer keep up with the demand for ATP in the more complex organism and went extinct.

Public Health and the Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Health and the Law - Assignment Example Any person who tests positive to alcoholic or drug influence or intoxication and driving at the same time, such a person is incapable of driving safely is guilty of an offence which is liable for a sentence as well as a fine. Such offences may be converted to serious criminal charges that may attract long sentences such as life imprisonment. Furthermore, the laws also concern observance and respect for traffic signs. This includes traffic signs concerning turning, stopping, starting, changing of lanes, speed limits, among others. The federal and local states ensure that there are requisite gadgets to ensure that there is surveillance to enable law enforcers to effectively monitor road use. In Illinois, for example, the court may order suspension of driver’s license in the event the user does not follow traffic signs. Federal and local states furthermore ensure that all vehicles in use are adequately insured. This will ensure that passengers and other road users are protected. Furthermore, the insurance also covers maintenance of vehicles in case of damage. Besides, the rules cover the speed limits allowable in given areas, and the use of safety belts. Finally, the laws too cover the action or procedure to be followed in the event of an accident. For example, from 1st January 2013, the Illinois laws allow victims of an accident to remove vehicles from the main way if the accident did not result to an injury. This serves to reduce further accidents that may result from road blockage (Olson & Dewar, 2002). Road safety rules are administrative laws. This is because they involve formulation, enforcement and regulation. Furthermore, there is an agency or agencies, at local or federal levels that ensure that the laws are adhered to. In addition traffic laws are a branch of public laws whose concern is to ensure public road safety. These laws are closely related to public health services since they concern the wellbeing of the whole public while

Discussion questions ( NO topic ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion questions ( NO topic ) - Essay Example It is also most appropriate in instances where the data are not easily quantified. Observation study is mostly used in instances where intangible aspects, such as emotions, are involved. Observation is used to determine unforced, innate behavioral patterns in natural settings. There are a number of benefits of stratified sampling such as the certainty of representativeness, correlation between strata, and knowledge of all strata and their distinctive features. Stratified sampling generates higher accuracy than random sampling. Moreover, it is usually easier to stratify a sample than to choose randomly. In stratification, researchers can focus on a small number of characteristics and it is more cost-effective and less time-consuming. Stratified sampling also ensures greater coverage, representativeness, or generalizability. The research using stratified sampling has adequate control over the sample; hence it generates findings that are precise and impartial. Stratified sampling is the best method to acquire data that represent the diversity of the population under

Look At What Is Counselling Psychology Essay

Look At What Is Counselling Psychology Essay Counselling in the broad sense of the term is simply expressing your ideas about how someone can improve their situation. Human beings are always faced with issues that involve a degree of anxiety. An obstacle or challenge is presented by poor choices or circumstances, and a decision must be made about how to approach the issue in order to reduce the tension and restore hope. Everyone becomes a counsellor for themselves or for others whenever the challenge is presented or arises. Counselling is a principled relationship characterised by the application of one or more psychological theories and a recognised set of communication skills, modified by experience, intuition and other interpersonal factors. It may be of very brief or long duration, take place in an organisational or private practice setting and may or may not overlap with practical, medical and other matters of personal welfare. It is both a distinctive activity undertaken by people agreeing to occupy the roles of counsellor and client. The goal in learning counselling skills is to present ideas in a way that is intentional and that can be predicted to improve a situation faced by the person. (Daniel Keeran, 2012). 2. Making clients feel safe in a counselling session The main focus of Person Centred counselling is in creating a therapeutic relationship between counsellor and client.   The client needs to be able to talk about whatever they need to, share their intimate thoughts and explore sometimes difficult feelings.   For this the client needs to feel able to fully trust the counsellor; they need to  feel safe, supported and that they will not be judged. The  counsellor works at creating the right environment in which a client feels able to look at  themselves and develop a greater understanding of their own thoughts, feelings and meanings. The counsellor is not there to analyse the client or give them advice, but instead to be alongside them, supporting them and helping them to explore their own issues, with the belief that the client with come to find their own answers. Paying attention to meeting, greeting and seating For counselling to be effective, the counsellor needs to work at building a relationship for equals especially in the early stages where the counsellor might be feeling vulnerable and insecure. Also considering that the client is meeting the counsellor on unfamiliar territory.i.e. The counsellors consulting room. Striving to keep the room neutral is a positive step the counsellors can take in order to keep the equality gap i.e. free from personal belongings such as books and family photographs. (Daniel Kareen, 2010) Greeting the client can be fairly informal especially greeting clients with their first names, it can make clients feel comfortable and accepted and introducing yourself by your first name can break down the barriers. If the client does not feel comfortable, the counsellor can ask the client how they would like to be addressed. BUILDING SAFETY Be aware of helping the client feel safe in counselling If a client is very resistant, not willing to talk, what hes telling us nine times out of ten is that he doesnt feel safe enough to talk about whatever he needs to talk about. And so Ill say to him, I wonder if you feel safe enough in this setting to talk about the things that you need to talk about? There are also people who say they didnt think of anything worth talking about. They didnt think anyone wanted to listen because theyve had a history of nobody listening. You can make a reflection of that. You could say, So maybe youre saying that what you have to say is not worth talking about, or you feel other people dont care about what you have to say? Id want to hear more about that. Id say, Say more about that. Where is that coming from? Whats that about? So reflect that back to them and keep the process going:Talk more about that. If you have a client who is aware of counselling skills you may engage her in lighter conversation, something thats easier to talk about, something safer. That may be feeding into the defence, though. Its saving her from the difficulty. So what I may be willing to say is, Maybe youre feeling a little uncomfortable about talking about this right now? Is that accurate? (Candy P. Feeler R. Rocco C, 2003) 3. Characteristics of an effective counsellor Good counsellors are emotionally stable Effective therapists have resolved (or at least are aware of) their own emotional issues. Theyre able to handle the stress of helping others deal with psychological disorders, without letting their own issues cause problems. Good counsellors are Introspective and Self-Aware Effective therapists are aware of how their own culture, education, socioeconomic status, values, and religious beliefs affect their practice and interaction with patients. To have a successful career in psychology, a psychologist must set aside his or her own personal beliefs when working with patients. Good counsellors Need Strong Interpersonal Skills Effective therapists are comfortable working with different types of people from all walks of life! A psychologist can have introverted personality traits and still have a successful career in psychology. Good written and verbal communication skills are part of strong interpersonal skills. Good counsellors are Tolerant and Open-Minded Effective therapists are open to new research (that may challenge previously held beliefs in psychology) and new ways of thinking. A good psychologist must also accept clients who cant or wont work on their psychological disorders or issues. Good psychologists also ensure their clients feel comfortable and safe as theyre confiding their deepest secrets and most embarrassing problems. A psychologist also has to inspire trust in the process of therapy. Good counsellors are Patient Effective therapists understand that significant periods of time can pass before clients are able to make changes in life. To have a successful career in psychology, a psychologist must be able to communicate this patience to their clients and their clients families! Good counsellors are Ethical, Moral, and Law-Abiding Effective therapists understand the ethics in working with patients, and know the importance of keeping client sessions confidential. Psychologists must understand the difference between ethics and morals A psychologist must also understand and work within the state or provincial laws and regulations that control the industry. To have a successful career in psychology, a psychologist has to work within the boundaries of the law. Good counsellors Believe in Continuing Education Effective therapists are always learning about new findings in psychological research and new ways to communicate with and help clients. The best psychologists are always brushing up on their own therapeutic skills and people skills; theyre also constantly expanding their knowledge base. Some of these personality and other traits of good psychologists are innate, but most can be learned and developed over time. Individuals who go into a psychology career with many of these personality traits will often find they excel in the field. Good counsellors are Compassionate and Caring Effective therapists are compassionate and can empathize with a clients pain, psychological issues, and other difficulties without judging or making the client feel worse about the problem. (Laurie Pawlikkienlen, 2009) 4. Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy Congruence are the counsellors or therapists conditions needed to facilitate change. Without these conditions being present a healing relationship cannot form 4.1Understanding unconditional positive regard Besides empathy and congruence, unconditional positive regard is one of the most important core conditions in person-centred counselling. All trained counsellors must therefore be able to demonstrate an understanding of this attribute confidently. Unconditional positive regard requires that a counsellor suspends any form of personal judgment, and accepts the client, regardless of the content of any disclosure they may have made. A judgment is made in a very short amount of time, and overcoming this instant reaction can be difficult for many people. A counsellor however, has undergone specific counselling skills training and is able to provide this unconditional form of therapeutic support. During one-to-one counselling a client is able to freely express his/her emotions, feelings and thoughts, in a safe, totally confidential environment. They are free to explore all thoughts without having to maintain any level of behaviour, and are acceptably able to do so without any fear of condemnation or reject from the counsellor. 4.2Understanding congruence It could be called genuineness, realness, or congruence. The more the therapist is himself or herself in the relationship, putting up no professional front or personal facade, the greater is the likelihood that the client will change and grow in a constructive manner. This means that the therapist is openly being the feelings and attitudes that are flowing within at the moment. Thus, there is a close matching, or congruence, between what is being experienced at the gut level, what is present in awareness, and what is expressed to the client. Once the client is treated as an equal communication will start. If the therapist comes across as an authority or an expert the client will start to tailor their answers to suit this 4.3 There is also empathic understanding. This means that the therapist senses accurately the feelings and personal meanings that the client is experiencing and communicates this understanding to the client. When functioning best, the therapist is so much inside the private world of the other that he or she can clarify not only the meanings of which the client is aware but even those just below the level of awareness. This kind of sensitive, active listening is exceedingly rare in our lives. We think we listen, but very rarely do we listen with real understanding, true empathy. Yet listening, of this very special kind, is one of the most potent forces for change that I know. Empathy or empathic understanding is the next core condition. This is where the therapist picks up on the feelings of the client and reflects this back to the client. This is the process where the therapist can act as a support to the client by making them feel as if the therapist is there experiencing their array of emotions. (The counsellors guide, 2010) 5. Importance of self care for the counsellor Stress Management / Relaxation Techniques An important step in  avoiding burnout is having an awareness of helpful ways to manage stress and exercise counsellor self-care. Know yourself It is important to acknowledge when you feel overwhelmed or distressed. As a professional, it is necessary for you to pay attention to your personal behaviours, body rhythm and physical health. Be aware of the differences between stress and burnout and when you should become concerned. If you are unsure about what you are experiencing,  click on the  link below for a self-assessment to help you determine whether your behaviours and emotions meet the criteria for compassion fatigue.  The  test can be taken at anytime, and  the data collected will determine how at risk you are for burnout as well as measure whether your feelings about helping others have changed. It is a good idea to complete some form of assessment periodically to ensure you maintain your balance and care for yourself  in order to provide  excellent care for your clients. Resting The adult human body requires between 7 to 8 hours of rest for robust health. Sleep deprivation affects the mind and body and can increase stress levels, moodiness and irritation and  negatively impact  mental alertness and physical energy. At the end of the day, it is essential to find ways to relax and let go. Establish a routine before going to bed and make sure to get enough Deep Sleep, allowing for brain rejuvenation. If not enough Deep Sleep is accomplished the body will compensate by shortening other sleep cycles, including the REM cycle. If this cycle is shortened, the brain does not have an opportunity to process and integrate emotions, memories and stress from that day, leaving you emotionally deprived. Eating Well Good nutrition fuels the body and provides the building blocks that help a person handle the stresses of everyday life. Counselling requires considerable physical and mental energy; consuming foods such as fruits and vegetables will ensure you are functioning at the highest level of fitness. With a busy schedule, short lunches, paper work and counselling sessions it is easy to skip meals, eat unhealthy meals or snacks and over-consume caffeinated beverages. These things add little nutritional value, if any, to personal well being. The goal is to consume a balanced diet, eating foods from each food group, drinking lots of water and eating  three balanced meals a day, along with healthy snacks. By eating the proper foods the body is able to restore lost vitamins, minerals and nutrients, an essential part of maintaining your overall health. Exercising Exercising improves individual physical fitness and mental well being.   During exercise endorphins are released, decreasing stress levels and improving endurance, health, mental clarity and fitness. It is suggested that  individuals spend 30 minutes a day doing some form of moderate exercise.  Activities such as taking a walk, jogging, riding a bike, swimming or aerobic classes and weight training improve physical fitness and increase energy levels.   In addition to the physical benefits, exercise has also  been proven to stimulate memory. Relaxing and Renewing On occasion it is crucial to do something for yourself. As a counselling professional, you spend your time caring for others. It is vital to remember you must also care for yourself. This can be accomplished by participating in exercises such as yoga, prayer, meditation, Tai chi and reflective writing. These techniques allow you to escape from the busy world and become one with your soul, giving you time to recharge your spirit. Personal Counselling Having others to share your thoughts and feelings with can help you maintain a healthy lifestyle. Supervisors and colleagues can provide advice and support through difficult circumstances. It is recommended that helping professionals seek professional counselling, as you will continually face subjects or situations which will require you to address unresolved feelings and emotions.   Reflecting Think about your life, what is important and what is not. A person rarely gets everything they want. Be careful not to dwell in negativity. The mind is powerful. The more negative our thoughts about things, the more our actions become negative  or more reflective of those thoughts. We behave as we think. Learn to live a joyful life, doing your best and let the rest take care of itself!   Strive to do well in all things and be thankful. It is important to remember things could be a whole lot worst, no one is perfect, and as long as there is life, there is another chance.  There are a number of exercises that can be used throughout the day to allow you to stop and reflect on things.  A good way to prepare your mind and body for reflection is learning deep breathing exercises and listening to soft music. Time Management Use the time you have wisely. It is critical to use a calendar and prioritize those things in your life that must be done. Remember, no one can do everything and no matter how hard you try you will never be able to make everyone in your life happy. Commit only to those things you feel passionate about and learn to say no to things that do not fit into your plans and priorities. Organize your day, but remain flexible. No matter what our plans include, things will  occur to change  those plans.  Being prepared to make necessary adjustments lessens the pressure you may feel. Humour Laugh until it hurts. It is difficult to be sad and happy at the same time. Laughter releases endorphins, which are responsible for  improving your mood  and helping you to relax. Learn to laugh at yourself and find humour in life stressors. Do not take things so seriously that you miss out on the beauty of laughter and the opportunity to see things through a different lens. On occasion, engage in an amusing comedy show or film and always keep a book of good jokes on hand. (Steven, C, 2004)